Immanuel Kants Theory Essay -- Papers Immanuel Kant Morality

Immanuel Kant's Theory Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) discussed many ethical systems and reasoning’s some were based on a belief that the reason is the final authority for morality. In Kant’s eyes, reason is directly correlated with morals and ideals. Actions of any sort, he believed, must be undertaken from a sense of duty dictated by reason, and no action performed for appropriateness or solely in obedience to law or custom can be regarded as moral. A moral act is an act done for the "right" reasons. Kant would argue that to make a promise for the wrong reason is not moral you might as well not make the promise. You must follow a certain code in order to find truth behind your actions. Kant believed that you should treat everyone with value, dignity, and respect. Our reasoning ability will always allow us to know what our duty is. Kant described two types of common commands given by reason: the hypothetical imperative, which dictates a given course of action to reach a specific end; and the categorical imperative, which dictates a course of action that must be followed because of its rightness and necessity. The categorical imperative is the basis of morality and was stated by Kant in these words: "Act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will and general natural law." Therefore, before proceeding to act, we must decide what rule we need to follow if we were to act, whether we are willing for that rule to be followed by everyone all over. Kant believes that moral rules have no exceptions. It is wrong to kill in all situations, even those of self-defense. This belief comes from the Universal Law theory. Since we would never want murder to become a universal law, then it has to be not moral at all. Kant be... ...eighbor, be kind to others, do not steal, etc. yet, individual perception of the world by people prevents the possibility of an all-encompassing universal code of ethics. I believe along with Kant that we should develop a friendship and code to help our fellow man. We all have a duty to treat others the way we want to be treated.(Golden Rule) The one thing I disagree with is that we should not be punished for doing good deeds to those even though we might find ourselves backed into a corner when dealing with these individual problems. Overall dealing with Kant’s theory everyone should be truthful and abide by the universal code. We should follow his theory in treating everyone with value, dignity, and respect. Even though everyone should help others, I believe in some situations people have to be persuaded to help even though this goes against Kant’s beliefs.

Black People and Dorothy Allison Essay

Race, class and gender have been a topic for most books that have been written. A lot of books talk about these topics because it is something most people face. Whether you’re at work and can’t get a promotion because of your gender, excluded from a place because of your class or hated because of your race. Know matter what you will be faced with one if these topics in your life time. Dorothy Allison’s Bastard out of Carolina deals with these issues in a very intriguing way. She uses them to keep the story flowing and keep the reader interested. In the novel BOC, Allison uses race, class and gender in a very stereotypical way. The story of Bone takes place in a time where race was a conservational topic. You can say America was split in two groups, the whites and blacks. If you were black life was not easy. Black people were discriminated against. Even though slavery was over the black nation was not accepted by the white people. Racism means Discrimination or prejudice based on race (2). This word was not really used in this book because the narrative was Bone, a white girl. When Bone would visit Aunt Alma’s apartment she would come to face black children. There and then is when the stereotypes of black people started. The grown up’s in Bone had nothing good to say about the niggers that lived by Aunt Alma. â€Å"Running off with a man’s children, living in the dirty place with niggers all around. My little girls having to go up those stairs past those nigger boys. My wife walking the street past those peckerwoods! † (Allison 89). The family really did not approve of Aunt Alma living around black people. They were thought to be dirty and uncivilized people. Black people were also thought to be stupid and worthless. Bone was young at the time and did not know what to think about them. But she did not feel the same as her elders. Instead she made friends with them and learned to like them. I think Allison is trying to show the innocence of a child. Most kids are caring and loving until they are taught to hate. Bone grew up in a poor family. They would be considered in today’s society as trailer trash. The stereotype of poor white folks was present in Bastard out of Carolina. Anne and Glen did not really have money so it was hard to support the kids. They basically lived with very little. They couldn’t settle down at one house so they moved from one run down house to another. A lot of the characters described in this book had a lot of resemblance to what we would consider a red neck. For instance Uncle Travis has a big Chevy. Bone says it was jacked up so high that it easily cradled little kids or pregnant woman (Allison 1). Almost all the boys in the family had trucks. That’s typical for a red neck. Bone describes the Boatwright men as rugged, kind of dirty strong boys. They loved to fight and drink beer. The Boatwright family was big which again stereotyped poor white families. Also poor people are known to have kids out of wedlock. That was the situation Bone was. She was born out of wedlock and she never knew who her father was. That is the significance of the title Bastard out of Carolina. Gender also played a big role in this novel by Dorothy Allison. The male and female gender played a very distinctive role. In the Boatwright family the men are thought to be the physically strong. They take care of the family. They get into fights and are feared by a lot of people in town. Women of that time were supposed to stay at home cook and clean. They were supposed to wait for their husbands and never talk back. But I think Allison reversed the stereotype about women by making the Boatwright women very different. Most of them had jobs and were supporting them self’s. Aunt Raylene and Aunt Alma were some of the girls that lived by themselves. The women were strong too and they stuck together. Another way gender played a role was the relationship between Anne and Glen. From all the Boatwright women Anne was the weakest one. In the relationship Glen basically controlled Anne. Every time he did something bad she would end up forgiving him. Even after she found out he has been beating Bone she forgave him. Glen had all the power and Anne couldn’t do anything because she loved him. Bastard out of Carolina faces issues about race, class and gender. Allison builds a world where all these issues are faced. Through the main character Bone, we see how race, class and gender affect her and her family. Race played a role when Bone meets black people for the first time and instead of judging them she became friend with them. The Boatwright’s social status is not the best but they are feared by the community. They are considered poor and red necks. The last big issue that is seen in BOC is gender. Allison changed things up by making the women in the family stronger and more independent than other women of that time. In the end I think Allison decided to stereotype race, class and gender to show us it makes things worse then they already are. Work Cited 2 entries found for racism. 2003. Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. 19 Feb. 2006 http://owl. english. purdue. edu/handouts/research/r_mla. html Allison Dorothy. Bastard out of Carolina. New York. Penguin Group. 1993a.

Battle of the Atlantic Notes - 1182 Words

Battle of the Atlantic The Battle of the Atlantic played a very significant part in World War Two. In World War Two, after the escape atDunkirk and the inspiration of the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic was Britain s next nightmare. The Battle of the Atlantic was the only thing that ever frightened me. Winston Churchill. As an island Britain needed to bring in a vast amount of food and military equipment to survive the war. The German submarine force (U-boats) severely damaged our ability to survive the war - hence Churchill’s quote above when he feared we would be starved out of the war. A great deal of our raw materials came from America and therefore had to cross the Atlantic. In normal times this journey could†¦show more content†¦In August 1940 the US gave Britain 50 destroyers in exchange for Atlantic naval bases †¢ The name Battle of the Atlantic was coined by Winston Churchill in February 1941. It has been called the longest, largest, and most complex naval battle in history. †¢ The situation changed constantly, with one side or the other gaining advantage, as new weapons, tactics, counter-measures, and equipment were developed by both sides. The Allies gradually gained the upper hand, overcoming German surface raiders by the end of 1942 (withdrawn on Hitler s orders) and defeating the U-boats by mid-1943, though losses to U-boats continued to war s end. Allies won because Eight things helped the Allies to stop the U-boat menace. 1. The work of the British codebreakers at Bletchley Park in deciphering the German Enigma code was vital in giving the Allied navies the edge in the Battle of the Atlantic. In February 1942, however, the German code was improved, resulting in ‘the Drumbeat crisis’ when shipping losses were their greatest – until March 1943, when the German code was again broken. 2. Sonar had been invented before World War I, but after 1942 the US Navy Department developed ‘console sonar’ which could plot accurate bearings using an echo ‘ping’. Training of sonar operators was also improved. 3. Radar was improved so that U-boats could even be detected in bad weather. 4. The British developed HF/DF (‘huff-duff’), wherebyShow MoreRelatedThe Longest Day890 Words   |  4 Pagesin Dublin, Ireland in 1920, worked as a reporter covering the battles in Europe from 1941-1945 and then the final months of the Pacific Campaign. His articles were printed in both Reuters and the London Daily Telegraph. His first book was The Longest Day, published in 1959, selling over 4 million copies in 27 different editions. In 1962 a director named Darryl Zannuck made the book into a movie. Ryan#8217;s next book was The Last Battle, published in 1966. 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The United States pursued a policy of non-interventionRead MoreThe Effects Of Afrique Engagee On Africa1083 Words   |  5 PagesThe term â€Å"Afrique Engagà ©e† is generally a dynamic of the impacts of other continents and countries outside of Africa that played a big role in the Atlantic Slave trade and in the long run caused Africa to have a huge delay in it’s development. This concept includes exports of slaves by sex and age, prices of exports, changes in quantity of slaves, and the products/resources that were big in trade. Afrique Engagà ©e caused Europe to have so much power and success over Africa based on Africa’s goodsRead MoreWw2 Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesAllied victory seemed impossible, until the United States entered the war in December 1941. It was a turnaround and a triumph of American material and logistics superiority. Canadian contributions were not as decisive, yet helped provide stability and note-worthy support to America’s swift and decisive military actions, which helped to bring the war to a predictable end. The Canadian effort was more intrinsic, in nature, and was not very impactful; however Canada’s support to Great Britain proved toRead MoreMEMORIES OF THE SLAVE TRADE1000 Words   |  4 Pagesslavery and subjugation. Shaw notes that â€Å"there are diverse techniques of remembering the past than by discussing it† (Shaw 2002: 2). Situating herself amazingly well in the open deliberation on memory and epitome, Shaw battles that as opposed to being restricted to the breaks brought about by colonialism, habitus ought to be seen as consolidating such cracks. Memory is along these lines not contradictory to modernity (Nora 1989). 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Art a Play by Yasmina Reza

Marc, Serge, and Yvan are friends. They are three middle-aged men of comfortable means who have stayed friends with each other for fifteen years. Since men of their age often lack opportunities to meet new people and sustain new friendships, their courtesy towards and their tolerance for one another’s quirks and affinities have been worn raw. At the opening of the play, Serge is smitten with his acquisition of a new painting. It is a modern art piece (white on white) for which he paid two hundred thousand dollars. Marc can’t believe that his friend bought a white on white painting for such an extravagant amount of money. Marc could not care less about modern art. He believes that people ought to have a few more standards when it comes to determining what is good â€Å"art† and therefore worthy of two grand. Yvan gets caught in the middle of Marc and Serge’s arguments. He does not find the painting or the fact that Serge spent so much to acquire it as offensive as Marc does, but he doesn’t adore the piece as much as Serge does. Yvan has his own real-life problems. He is planning a wedding with a fiancà © turned â€Å"bridezilla† and a host of selfish and unreasonable relatives. Yvan tries to turn towards his friends for support only to be ridiculed by both Marc and Serge for not having a strong opinion in their war over the white on white painting. The play culminates in a confrontation among the three strong personalities. They throw every personal choice that the others disagree with and look down on into each other’s faces. A piece of art, a visual and external representation of inner values and beauty, causes Marc, Yvan, and Serge to question themselves and their relationships to the core.  Ã‚   At his wit’s end, Serge hands Marc a felt tip pen and dares him to draw over his white on white, two hundred thousand dollars, adored, a piece of art. How far will Marc go to prove that he truly doesn’t believe that this painting is actually art? Production Details Setting: The main rooms of three different flats. Only a change in the painting above the mantle determines whether the flat belongs to Marc, Yvan, or Serge.Time: The presentCast Size: This play can accommodate 3 male actors. Roles Marc: Marc is a strongly opinionated man when it comes to what he values and an extremely condescending one towards what he does not value at all. Other people’s feelings do not factor into his decisions or filter the manner in which he talks to them and about them. Only his girlfriend and her homeopathic remedies for stress seem to have any sway over his strong and acerbic personality. On his wall above his mantel hangs a figurative painting that is described as â€Å"pseudo-Flemish† of a view of Carcassonne.Serge: Serge, according to Marc, has recently taken a dive into the world of Modern Art and has fallen head over heels with a newfound respect for it. Modern Art speaks to something within him that makes sense and which he finds beautiful. Serge has recently gone through a divorce and has a dim view of marriage and anyone searching to make a commitment to another person. His rules for life, friendship, and art went out the window with his marriage and now he has fo und peace in the realm of Modern Art where the old rules are thrown out and acceptance and instinct govern what is valuable.Yvan: Yvan is less high strung than his two friends about art, but he has his own issues in life and love that make him just as neurotic as Marc and Serge are. He begins the play stressed about his upcoming wedding and looking for a little support. He finds none. Although the physical production of art on canvas means less to him than it does to the others, he is more in tune with the psychological responses and reasonings behind such responses than either Marc or Serge are. That aspect of his personality is what thrusts him into being the middleman in this fight between friends and why he gets belittled by both of them. He actually cares more about their feelings and well-being than they do for him or each other. The painting above the mantel in his flat is described as â€Å"some daub.† The audience finds out later Yvan’s is the artist. Technical Requirements Art is light on technical requirements for production. Production notes specify the need for only a single set of a man’s flat, â€Å"as stripped down and neutral as possible.† The only object that should change between scenes is the painting. Serge’s flat has the white on white canvas, Marc’s has the view of Carcassonne, and for Yvan, the painting is the â€Å"daub.† Occasionally the actors deliver asides to the audience. Marc, Serge, or Yvan take turns stepping out of the action and addressing the audience directly. Lighting changes during these asides will help the audience understand the break in the action. No costume changes are needed and there are few props required for this production. The playwright wants the audience to focus on the art, the friendships, and the questions the play brings up. Production History Art was written in French for a French audience by playwright Yasmina Reza. It has been translated many times and produced in many countries since its debut in 1996. Art was performed ​on Broadway at the Royale Theater in 1998 for a run of 600 shows. It starred ​Alan Alda as Marc, ​Victor Garber as Serge, and Alfred Molina as Yvan. Content Issues: Language Dramatists Play Service holds the production rights for Art (translated by Christopher Hampton). Inquiries for producing the play may be made through the website.

Capital Punishment Is A Penalty For All Crimes - 1939 Words

Capital punishment has been occurring since the earliest of the ages and has been performed numerous times around the globe by all differently opinionated people. Last year only, 256 citizens have been executed by the hand of law and only more to be uncovered. Capital punishment was part of culture in Babylon where it coded the penalty for exactly twenty-five crimes, Athens where death was suitable for all crimes, and Rome. Since the olden ages, humans are still holding crimes against other people applicable by death. But now, as humanity grows and our minds expand to new ideas and thinking, we have come to the conclusion: As humans, do we really have the right to take away another soul’s life and living? So, as capital punishment makes†¦show more content†¦Capital punishment assesses the perseverance of humanity and its morals. Because, the question is, is the federal government allowed to murder such souls though tainted? But, the question is more, do these victims â€Å"deserve† the cruelty of death? Expressing one’s violence does not suppress it, in fact, it simply enforces the desire to express it. Controlling and demonstrating emotions in such a way that contaminates the good will in humans that is able to understand sentiment. As stated by Thurgood Marshall, the late Justice of the Supreme Court, in in a June 29, 1972 Furman v. Georgia, â€Å"In judging whether or not a given penalty is morally acceptable, most courts have said that the punishment is valid unless it shocks the conscience and sense of justice of the people. Assuming knowledge of all the facts presently available regarding capital punishment, the average citizen would, in my opinion, find it shocking to his conscience and sense of justice. For this reason alone, capital punishment cannot stand. Thinking rationally, while inputting variables into the equation of the justice of capital punishment, you could assume, depending on your variables, that capital p unishment might be of a formidable use. But thinking with your soul is much different. A â€Å"gut-decision†, you may call it. But, why would a functioning being, with a valid reason, chose to voluntarily murder a soul, another one, similar to yours? The government is a social

Comprehensive Professional Portfolio

Question: How does politics and regulation affect you as an accountant or in your future accounting role. Answer: Contextual appreciation and awareness of assumptions Politics and regulation affect largely as an accounting and accounting role at the same time (Shim, Siegel and Shim 2012). Theoretical positions This particular section explains theories of regulation and application as accounting standard-setting process by an accountant. The main goal is to set extend theories based upon empirical work for the same (Williams 2012). As far as economic theories of regulation, it envisages regulators in case of making direct political appointments for decision-making process. It affects allocation of wealth of producers as well as associated customers. Accounting is the collecting as well as analyzing and communicating economic information. It requires developing broader understanding of accounting as well as central role in society from social perspective (Shim, Siegel and Shim 2012). Conceptual framework covers main points like: The main objectives of financial statements as well as reporting It establishes and analyzing qualitative characteristics of financial information It defines elements in financial statements It recognizes as well as measurement of elements Conceptual Framework is an expensive process for setting right direction for some kind of knowledge base as well as reduced loopholes (Whittington and Delaney 2011). Users Role Strategy Analysis Portfolio Manager Versus Analysts Generalist Versus Specialist Domestic Versus Multinational Growth Versus Value Long Versus Short Buy Versus Hold Versus Trading Macro Versus Fundamental Equity Versus Debt Cost Versus Fair Value Roll forward Versus Narrative Quarters Versus Years More Versus Less Aggregation Auditors Role Strategy Analysis Principles Versus Rule-based Materiality Versus Expedient Preparers Role Strategy Analysis Public Versus Private Complex Versus Simple Large Versus Small Domestic Versus Multinational Financial Versus Non-Financial Challenges Accountants face various challenges in tackling the political and regulatory environmental factors for future analysis purpose. With the advancement of new technologies, rules as well as regulation are changing at fast pace (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso 2013). Cost of administration rises, as there are more accountants for taking major challenges facing industry in recent world. It requires proper implications of future accounting activities as far as possible. Unqualified accountants- It is easy in creating own website as well as starting new business from home. An increased unqualified accountant poses serious threat in the accounting sector. Online technologies- New online technologies as well as mobile internet culture involves in cloud-based accounting software. It is one of the well-established services of HMRC Online. Business owners solicit the services of an accountant as well as carry many functions (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso 2012). Qualified accountants mainly offer expertise on tax planning as well as business advice in along with variety of skills at the same time. It is necessary in educating small as well as medium sized company as checking pitfalls of self-administered online accounting software. It anticipates as well as facilitates requirements in accessing accounting information (Whittington and Delaney 2011). Risks Risks in accounting as well as audit firms in describing audit risk model. This particular model describes responsibilities of management by an auditor in combining determination of risk. It proclaims financial statements as per material misstatement for future analysis purpose. It understands components audit risk model by an auditor in testing performance of business organization (Shim, Siegel and Shim 2012). Inherent Risk- Inherent risk is the risk that is considered in case of internal controls as well as material misstatement at the same time. Control Risk- Control risk is the risk that is misstated as accounting records of the company. It arises due to fraud as well as error. This risk prevents and detects in timely manner in way of internal control system at the end of accounting period. It is the combination of control risk as well as inherent risk as per material misstatement risk 9 (Scott 2012). Detection Risk- Detection risk is considers as a risk for audit procedures as conducted by an auditor. It is the portion of risk acting as a responsibility by an auditor (Whittington and Delaney 2011). Issues Needs improvement in the financial reporting system for accountants Requires in keeping the standard current in case of business as well as economic environment Proper attention on checking on the deficiency of standards Needs improvement on common understanding of financial statements Conducting independent standard-setting process like due process, outreach of stakeholders as well as assessing feedback in an overall manner (Deegan and Unerman 2011). Ensuring new standard as well as improvement in US GAAP like better reflect economics, reduced complexity as well as assessing costs and benefits at the same time Examples Regulators of electric utilities mainly set prices that consumers need to pay for electricity. FASB and other accounting standard-setters aim at conducting as independent standard-setters by political process (Scott 2011). In case of tough economy, availability of financing increases inherent factors like involvement of factors in and outside company control. It includes competency of company accounting issues but at the same time, accounting staff does not possess required expertise as well as expertise as per material misstatement (Madura 2012). Accountants requires in lowering detection risk by increased audit procedures for future analysis purpose. It includes increased extent of testing in the near future. It requires lowering detection risk by tolerating misstatement (Deegan and Unerman 2011). Reference Deegan, C. and Unerman, J. (2011).Financial accounting theory. Maidenhead, Berkshire: McGraw Hill Education. Madura, J. (2012).International financial management. Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Scott, W. (2011).Financial accounting theory. Toronto, Ont.: Pearson Canada. Shim, J., Siegel, J. and Shim, J. (2012).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill. Whittington, O. and Delaney, P. (2011).Wiley CPA Exam Review 2012, Financial Accounting and Reporting. Hoboken: Wiley.

Constructively Managing Conflicts in Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Constructively Managing Conflicts in Organizations. Answer: Element Completed for selected article 1 Completed for selected article 2 1 The citation information should be in the same format as it would be in the reference list. Use Harvard Referencing Style - leave a line BELOW the citation Tjosvold, D., Wong, A. and Yi Feng Chen, N. (2014) Constructively Managing Conflicts in Organizations,The Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, . Verma, V. (1998) Conflict Management, inProject Management Handbook. San Francisco: Josse Bass, pp. 353376. 2 What is the journal articles author viewpoint? Write a short statement of the authors viewpoint. The authors in the article Constructively Managing Conflicts in Organizations objectively explore the topic of constructive conflict management in an organization. Although making argument for constructive conflict, the author acknowledges traditional studies on inevitable and destructive conflict (Tjosvold, Wong and Yi Feng Chen 2014). In the article Conflict Management, the author objectively addresses the topic of conflict in project management. The author starts by giving an overview of traditional perspective of conflict where it was viewed as negative and bad. The author then gravitates to the newest perspective where researchers have seen it as necessary in increasing performance (Verma 1998, p. 353). 3 What is the article about? Write a short summary of the theory, research findings and/or argument. The article is about developing constructive conflict management mechanisms in an organization. The authors note that conflict has pervaded many organizations and the use of an elegant constructive conflict management model can help end conflicts. The article recommends open-minded discussions as the foundation of constructive conflict resolution. The authors observe that participants in constructive conflict can express diverse ideas while considering and understanding each others opinions. The article postulates various arguments among them mutually beneficial relationships as the drivers that help managers and their employees to share their ideas in an open minded manner (Tjosvold, Wong and Yi Feng Chen 2014). The authors delve into the idea of constructive conflict noting that conflict does not always have to be destructive. The author explores the issue of conflict in project management noting that it is as inevitable as change. The author observes that when team members interact in the course of project execution, conflict is bound to occur. It is therefore prudent as the author suggests, that project managers analyse, identify, and evaluate negative and positive aspects of conflict and their effect they have on performance (Verma1998, p. 353). 4 What are the strengths and limitations of this journal article? Write a comment on the usefulness and/or limitations of the text for your topic The article succeeds in defining conflict and in postulating the idea of constructive conflict. Although many studies have attributed conflict to opposing forces, the article observes that people or circumstances without opposing can still conflict. The article also brings out the idea of constructive conflict noting that maximum benefits can be realized out of a conflict when the issues are discussed skilfully and openly. The article however seems to focus more on interpersonal conflict at the expense of intrapersonal conflict. Intrapersonal conflict is where there is incompatibility within an individual and this has been overlooked in the article (Tjosvold, Wong and Yi Feng Chen 2014). The author does well in exploring the nature of conflicts in projects. Apart from highlighting possible causes of conflict in project management, the author goes ahead to recommend a strategy for conflict resolution. The author recommends a win-win approach as one of the most effect conflict resolution strategy since parties know they have to reach an amicable solution that is satisfying to everyone. Although the article does well in highlighting the views of conflict from past scholars, it fails to talk about intrapersonal conflict as it focuses more on interpersonal conflict (Verma1998, p. 353). 5 What is the value or contribution of this journal article on the topic being researched? Write an evaluative comment on the work, taking into account how this work will fit into your research on your topic. The article has contributed immensely to the topic of conflict management in an organization. While borrowing from past research, the article explores the concepts of constructive conflicts, open-minded discussions in conflict resolutions, as well as mutually beneficial relationships as foundation of conflict resolutions. The article uses studies carried out on the dynamics of open-minded discussions to propose skills that employees and managers should have to manage conflicts constructively. All these have greatly enriched the field of conflict management (Tjosvold, Wong and Yi Feng Chen 2014). This article contributes richly to the concept of conflict and especially conflict management in projects. Delving more into the topic of conflict in projects, the author introduces a new concept of conflict stimulation which the article notes can help improve performance. The ideas in this article can be beneficial to any person undertaking any project (Verma1998, p. 353). Contrast and comparison between the two articles Questions to consider Complete for your selected articles 1 What are the similarities between the arguments presented by each author about the topic? The two articles presents quite similar concept in conflict management. Both articles note that conflict does not always to be destructive. The authors agree that unlike traditional perspective of conflict, newest perspective looks at conflict as one that can increase performance. The two articles are in agreement that managers and employees should know when to use conflict to increase performance of team members. This they termed as constructive conflict. The two articles also failed to bring the argument of intrapersonal conflict as they focussed more on interpersonal conflict. 2 What are the differences between the arguments presented by each author about the topic? The two articles follow different arguments although on the same topic of conflict. The first articles focussed more on the benefits of constructive conflict in an organization while the latter postulated the concept of conflict management in projects. The two articles also differ in the choice of conflict resolution strategies. While the first article recommends open-minded discussions as the effective method, the latter article notes that conflict resolution strategy is determined by several factors. It however proposes a compromised methodology there the parties think win-win. 3 How do the conclusions drawn by each author differ? The first article concludes by reiterating the importance of open-minded discussion as a means of constructive conflict resolution while the latter articles concludes by summarizing a range of conflict resolution strategies in project management. 4 Which author provides the stronger or more robust argument and why? The first article seems to provide stronger arguments on the topic of conflict management. The author before delving more into the concept of constructive conflict begins by exploring several studies which have traditional described conflict as always negative. The reader is drawn attention to the fact that conflict does always have to be bad. When the author therefore introduces the concept of constructive conflict, the reader is objective and can understand the new concept (Verma1998, p. 353). 5 Having compared and contrasted the two journal articles, what questions do you now have about the topic? What else do you want to know about the topic? The idea of constructive conflict is quite interesting. I would like to know more about constructive conflict and what other ways apart from open-minded discussions can constructive conflict be realized. References List Verma, V. (1998) Conflict Management, inProject Management Handbook. San Francisco: Josse Bass, pp. 353376. Tjosvold, D., Wong, A. and Yi Feng Chen, N. (2014) Constructively Managing Conflicts in Organizations,The Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, .