Art a Play by Yasmina Reza

Marc, Serge, and Yvan are friends. They are three middle-aged men of comfortable means who have stayed friends with each other for fifteen years. Since men of their age often lack opportunities to meet new people and sustain new friendships, their courtesy towards and their tolerance for one another’s quirks and affinities have been worn raw. At the opening of the play, Serge is smitten with his acquisition of a new painting. It is a modern art piece (white on white) for which he paid two hundred thousand dollars. Marc can’t believe that his friend bought a white on white painting for such an extravagant amount of money. Marc could not care less about modern art. He believes that people ought to have a few more standards when it comes to determining what is good â€Å"art† and therefore worthy of two grand. Yvan gets caught in the middle of Marc and Serge’s arguments. He does not find the painting or the fact that Serge spent so much to acquire it as offensive as Marc does, but he doesn’t adore the piece as much as Serge does. Yvan has his own real-life problems. He is planning a wedding with a fiancà © turned â€Å"bridezilla† and a host of selfish and unreasonable relatives. Yvan tries to turn towards his friends for support only to be ridiculed by both Marc and Serge for not having a strong opinion in their war over the white on white painting. The play culminates in a confrontation among the three strong personalities. They throw every personal choice that the others disagree with and look down on into each other’s faces. A piece of art, a visual and external representation of inner values and beauty, causes Marc, Yvan, and Serge to question themselves and their relationships to the core.  Ã‚   At his wit’s end, Serge hands Marc a felt tip pen and dares him to draw over his white on white, two hundred thousand dollars, adored, a piece of art. How far will Marc go to prove that he truly doesn’t believe that this painting is actually art? Production Details Setting: The main rooms of three different flats. Only a change in the painting above the mantle determines whether the flat belongs to Marc, Yvan, or Serge.Time: The presentCast Size: This play can accommodate 3 male actors. Roles Marc: Marc is a strongly opinionated man when it comes to what he values and an extremely condescending one towards what he does not value at all. Other people’s feelings do not factor into his decisions or filter the manner in which he talks to them and about them. Only his girlfriend and her homeopathic remedies for stress seem to have any sway over his strong and acerbic personality. On his wall above his mantel hangs a figurative painting that is described as â€Å"pseudo-Flemish† of a view of Carcassonne.Serge: Serge, according to Marc, has recently taken a dive into the world of Modern Art and has fallen head over heels with a newfound respect for it. Modern Art speaks to something within him that makes sense and which he finds beautiful. Serge has recently gone through a divorce and has a dim view of marriage and anyone searching to make a commitment to another person. His rules for life, friendship, and art went out the window with his marriage and now he has fo und peace in the realm of Modern Art where the old rules are thrown out and acceptance and instinct govern what is valuable.Yvan: Yvan is less high strung than his two friends about art, but he has his own issues in life and love that make him just as neurotic as Marc and Serge are. He begins the play stressed about his upcoming wedding and looking for a little support. He finds none. Although the physical production of art on canvas means less to him than it does to the others, he is more in tune with the psychological responses and reasonings behind such responses than either Marc or Serge are. That aspect of his personality is what thrusts him into being the middleman in this fight between friends and why he gets belittled by both of them. He actually cares more about their feelings and well-being than they do for him or each other. The painting above the mantel in his flat is described as â€Å"some daub.† The audience finds out later Yvan’s is the artist. Technical Requirements Art is light on technical requirements for production. Production notes specify the need for only a single set of a man’s flat, â€Å"as stripped down and neutral as possible.† The only object that should change between scenes is the painting. Serge’s flat has the white on white canvas, Marc’s has the view of Carcassonne, and for Yvan, the painting is the â€Å"daub.† Occasionally the actors deliver asides to the audience. Marc, Serge, or Yvan take turns stepping out of the action and addressing the audience directly. Lighting changes during these asides will help the audience understand the break in the action. No costume changes are needed and there are few props required for this production. The playwright wants the audience to focus on the art, the friendships, and the questions the play brings up. Production History Art was written in French for a French audience by playwright Yasmina Reza. It has been translated many times and produced in many countries since its debut in 1996. Art was performed ​on Broadway at the Royale Theater in 1998 for a run of 600 shows. It starred ​Alan Alda as Marc, ​Victor Garber as Serge, and Alfred Molina as Yvan. Content Issues: Language Dramatists Play Service holds the production rights for Art (translated by Christopher Hampton). Inquiries for producing the play may be made through the website.

Capital Punishment Is A Penalty For All Crimes - 1939 Words

Capital punishment has been occurring since the earliest of the ages and has been performed numerous times around the globe by all differently opinionated people. Last year only, 256 citizens have been executed by the hand of law and only more to be uncovered. Capital punishment was part of culture in Babylon where it coded the penalty for exactly twenty-five crimes, Athens where death was suitable for all crimes, and Rome. Since the olden ages, humans are still holding crimes against other people applicable by death. But now, as humanity grows and our minds expand to new ideas and thinking, we have come to the conclusion: As humans, do we really have the right to take away another soul’s life and living? So, as capital punishment makes†¦show more content†¦Capital punishment assesses the perseverance of humanity and its morals. Because, the question is, is the federal government allowed to murder such souls though tainted? But, the question is more, do these victims â€Å"deserve† the cruelty of death? Expressing one’s violence does not suppress it, in fact, it simply enforces the desire to express it. Controlling and demonstrating emotions in such a way that contaminates the good will in humans that is able to understand sentiment. As stated by Thurgood Marshall, the late Justice of the Supreme Court, in in a June 29, 1972 Furman v. Georgia, â€Å"In judging whether or not a given penalty is morally acceptable, most courts have said that the punishment is valid unless it shocks the conscience and sense of justice of the people. Assuming knowledge of all the facts presently available regarding capital punishment, the average citizen would, in my opinion, find it shocking to his conscience and sense of justice. For this reason alone, capital punishment cannot stand. Thinking rationally, while inputting variables into the equation of the justice of capital punishment, you could assume, depending on your variables, that capital p unishment might be of a formidable use. But thinking with your soul is much different. A â€Å"gut-decision†, you may call it. But, why would a functioning being, with a valid reason, chose to voluntarily murder a soul, another one, similar to yours? The government is a social

Comprehensive Professional Portfolio

Question: How does politics and regulation affect you as an accountant or in your future accounting role. Answer: Contextual appreciation and awareness of assumptions Politics and regulation affect largely as an accounting and accounting role at the same time (Shim, Siegel and Shim 2012). Theoretical positions This particular section explains theories of regulation and application as accounting standard-setting process by an accountant. The main goal is to set extend theories based upon empirical work for the same (Williams 2012). As far as economic theories of regulation, it envisages regulators in case of making direct political appointments for decision-making process. It affects allocation of wealth of producers as well as associated customers. Accounting is the collecting as well as analyzing and communicating economic information. It requires developing broader understanding of accounting as well as central role in society from social perspective (Shim, Siegel and Shim 2012). Conceptual framework covers main points like: The main objectives of financial statements as well as reporting It establishes and analyzing qualitative characteristics of financial information It defines elements in financial statements It recognizes as well as measurement of elements Conceptual Framework is an expensive process for setting right direction for some kind of knowledge base as well as reduced loopholes (Whittington and Delaney 2011). Users Role Strategy Analysis Portfolio Manager Versus Analysts Generalist Versus Specialist Domestic Versus Multinational Growth Versus Value Long Versus Short Buy Versus Hold Versus Trading Macro Versus Fundamental Equity Versus Debt Cost Versus Fair Value Roll forward Versus Narrative Quarters Versus Years More Versus Less Aggregation Auditors Role Strategy Analysis Principles Versus Rule-based Materiality Versus Expedient Preparers Role Strategy Analysis Public Versus Private Complex Versus Simple Large Versus Small Domestic Versus Multinational Financial Versus Non-Financial Challenges Accountants face various challenges in tackling the political and regulatory environmental factors for future analysis purpose. With the advancement of new technologies, rules as well as regulation are changing at fast pace (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso 2013). Cost of administration rises, as there are more accountants for taking major challenges facing industry in recent world. It requires proper implications of future accounting activities as far as possible. Unqualified accountants- It is easy in creating own website as well as starting new business from home. An increased unqualified accountant poses serious threat in the accounting sector. Online technologies- New online technologies as well as mobile internet culture involves in cloud-based accounting software. It is one of the well-established services of HMRC Online. Business owners solicit the services of an accountant as well as carry many functions (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso 2012). Qualified accountants mainly offer expertise on tax planning as well as business advice in along with variety of skills at the same time. It is necessary in educating small as well as medium sized company as checking pitfalls of self-administered online accounting software. It anticipates as well as facilitates requirements in accessing accounting information (Whittington and Delaney 2011). Risks Risks in accounting as well as audit firms in describing audit risk model. This particular model describes responsibilities of management by an auditor in combining determination of risk. It proclaims financial statements as per material misstatement for future analysis purpose. It understands components audit risk model by an auditor in testing performance of business organization (Shim, Siegel and Shim 2012). Inherent Risk- Inherent risk is the risk that is considered in case of internal controls as well as material misstatement at the same time. Control Risk- Control risk is the risk that is misstated as accounting records of the company. It arises due to fraud as well as error. This risk prevents and detects in timely manner in way of internal control system at the end of accounting period. It is the combination of control risk as well as inherent risk as per material misstatement risk 9 (Scott 2012). Detection Risk- Detection risk is considers as a risk for audit procedures as conducted by an auditor. It is the portion of risk acting as a responsibility by an auditor (Whittington and Delaney 2011). Issues Needs improvement in the financial reporting system for accountants Requires in keeping the standard current in case of business as well as economic environment Proper attention on checking on the deficiency of standards Needs improvement on common understanding of financial statements Conducting independent standard-setting process like due process, outreach of stakeholders as well as assessing feedback in an overall manner (Deegan and Unerman 2011). Ensuring new standard as well as improvement in US GAAP like better reflect economics, reduced complexity as well as assessing costs and benefits at the same time Examples Regulators of electric utilities mainly set prices that consumers need to pay for electricity. FASB and other accounting standard-setters aim at conducting as independent standard-setters by political process (Scott 2011). In case of tough economy, availability of financing increases inherent factors like involvement of factors in and outside company control. It includes competency of company accounting issues but at the same time, accounting staff does not possess required expertise as well as expertise as per material misstatement (Madura 2012). Accountants requires in lowering detection risk by increased audit procedures for future analysis purpose. It includes increased extent of testing in the near future. It requires lowering detection risk by tolerating misstatement (Deegan and Unerman 2011). Reference Deegan, C. and Unerman, J. (2011).Financial accounting theory. Maidenhead, Berkshire: McGraw Hill Education. Madura, J. (2012).International financial management. Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Scott, W. (2011).Financial accounting theory. Toronto, Ont.: Pearson Canada. Shim, J., Siegel, J. and Shim, J. (2012).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill. Whittington, O. and Delaney, P. (2011).Wiley CPA Exam Review 2012, Financial Accounting and Reporting. Hoboken: Wiley.

Constructively Managing Conflicts in Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Constructively Managing Conflicts in Organizations. Answer: Element Completed for selected article 1 Completed for selected article 2 1 The citation information should be in the same format as it would be in the reference list. Use Harvard Referencing Style - leave a line BELOW the citation Tjosvold, D., Wong, A. and Yi Feng Chen, N. (2014) Constructively Managing Conflicts in Organizations,The Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, . Verma, V. (1998) Conflict Management, inProject Management Handbook. San Francisco: Josse Bass, pp. 353376. 2 What is the journal articles author viewpoint? Write a short statement of the authors viewpoint. The authors in the article Constructively Managing Conflicts in Organizations objectively explore the topic of constructive conflict management in an organization. Although making argument for constructive conflict, the author acknowledges traditional studies on inevitable and destructive conflict (Tjosvold, Wong and Yi Feng Chen 2014). In the article Conflict Management, the author objectively addresses the topic of conflict in project management. The author starts by giving an overview of traditional perspective of conflict where it was viewed as negative and bad. The author then gravitates to the newest perspective where researchers have seen it as necessary in increasing performance (Verma 1998, p. 353). 3 What is the article about? Write a short summary of the theory, research findings and/or argument. The article is about developing constructive conflict management mechanisms in an organization. The authors note that conflict has pervaded many organizations and the use of an elegant constructive conflict management model can help end conflicts. The article recommends open-minded discussions as the foundation of constructive conflict resolution. The authors observe that participants in constructive conflict can express diverse ideas while considering and understanding each others opinions. The article postulates various arguments among them mutually beneficial relationships as the drivers that help managers and their employees to share their ideas in an open minded manner (Tjosvold, Wong and Yi Feng Chen 2014). The authors delve into the idea of constructive conflict noting that conflict does not always have to be destructive. The author explores the issue of conflict in project management noting that it is as inevitable as change. The author observes that when team members interact in the course of project execution, conflict is bound to occur. It is therefore prudent as the author suggests, that project managers analyse, identify, and evaluate negative and positive aspects of conflict and their effect they have on performance (Verma1998, p. 353). 4 What are the strengths and limitations of this journal article? Write a comment on the usefulness and/or limitations of the text for your topic The article succeeds in defining conflict and in postulating the idea of constructive conflict. Although many studies have attributed conflict to opposing forces, the article observes that people or circumstances without opposing can still conflict. The article also brings out the idea of constructive conflict noting that maximum benefits can be realized out of a conflict when the issues are discussed skilfully and openly. The article however seems to focus more on interpersonal conflict at the expense of intrapersonal conflict. Intrapersonal conflict is where there is incompatibility within an individual and this has been overlooked in the article (Tjosvold, Wong and Yi Feng Chen 2014). The author does well in exploring the nature of conflicts in projects. Apart from highlighting possible causes of conflict in project management, the author goes ahead to recommend a strategy for conflict resolution. The author recommends a win-win approach as one of the most effect conflict resolution strategy since parties know they have to reach an amicable solution that is satisfying to everyone. Although the article does well in highlighting the views of conflict from past scholars, it fails to talk about intrapersonal conflict as it focuses more on interpersonal conflict (Verma1998, p. 353). 5 What is the value or contribution of this journal article on the topic being researched? Write an evaluative comment on the work, taking into account how this work will fit into your research on your topic. The article has contributed immensely to the topic of conflict management in an organization. While borrowing from past research, the article explores the concepts of constructive conflicts, open-minded discussions in conflict resolutions, as well as mutually beneficial relationships as foundation of conflict resolutions. The article uses studies carried out on the dynamics of open-minded discussions to propose skills that employees and managers should have to manage conflicts constructively. All these have greatly enriched the field of conflict management (Tjosvold, Wong and Yi Feng Chen 2014). This article contributes richly to the concept of conflict and especially conflict management in projects. Delving more into the topic of conflict in projects, the author introduces a new concept of conflict stimulation which the article notes can help improve performance. The ideas in this article can be beneficial to any person undertaking any project (Verma1998, p. 353). Contrast and comparison between the two articles Questions to consider Complete for your selected articles 1 What are the similarities between the arguments presented by each author about the topic? The two articles presents quite similar concept in conflict management. Both articles note that conflict does not always to be destructive. The authors agree that unlike traditional perspective of conflict, newest perspective looks at conflict as one that can increase performance. The two articles are in agreement that managers and employees should know when to use conflict to increase performance of team members. This they termed as constructive conflict. The two articles also failed to bring the argument of intrapersonal conflict as they focussed more on interpersonal conflict. 2 What are the differences between the arguments presented by each author about the topic? The two articles follow different arguments although on the same topic of conflict. The first articles focussed more on the benefits of constructive conflict in an organization while the latter postulated the concept of conflict management in projects. The two articles also differ in the choice of conflict resolution strategies. While the first article recommends open-minded discussions as the effective method, the latter article notes that conflict resolution strategy is determined by several factors. It however proposes a compromised methodology there the parties think win-win. 3 How do the conclusions drawn by each author differ? The first article concludes by reiterating the importance of open-minded discussion as a means of constructive conflict resolution while the latter articles concludes by summarizing a range of conflict resolution strategies in project management. 4 Which author provides the stronger or more robust argument and why? The first article seems to provide stronger arguments on the topic of conflict management. The author before delving more into the concept of constructive conflict begins by exploring several studies which have traditional described conflict as always negative. The reader is drawn attention to the fact that conflict does always have to be bad. When the author therefore introduces the concept of constructive conflict, the reader is objective and can understand the new concept (Verma1998, p. 353). 5 Having compared and contrasted the two journal articles, what questions do you now have about the topic? What else do you want to know about the topic? The idea of constructive conflict is quite interesting. I would like to know more about constructive conflict and what other ways apart from open-minded discussions can constructive conflict be realized. References List Verma, V. (1998) Conflict Management, inProject Management Handbook. San Francisco: Josse Bass, pp. 353376. Tjosvold, D., Wong, A. and Yi Feng Chen, N. (2014) Constructively Managing Conflicts in Organizations,The Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, .

Nivea for Men Pest Environmental Analysis Essay Example

Nivea for Men Pest Environmental Analysis Paper Lee Hsien Loong was sworn in as Singapore’s third Prime Minister on 12 August 2004. Mr Lee was first elected Member of Parliament (MP) in 1984 as a candidate of the Peoples Action Party (PAP) and has been re-elected six times, most recently in 2011 as an MP for the Ang Mo Kio Group Representation Constituency. He was elected to the Central Executive Committee of the PAP in 1986, and became its Secretary-General in 2004. Mr Lee was appointed Minister of State in the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) and the Ministry of Defence in 1984. He was confirmed as full Minister for Trade and Industry in 1987, and was concurrently Second Minister for Defence. In 1985, Mr Lee chaired the Economic Committee, which recommended changes to long established government policies to reduce business costs and revive the economy during a severe recession, as well as policies to foster longer term growth, including drastic reduction of corporate and personal taxes and the introduction of a consumption tax. In 1990, Mr Lee was appointed Deputy Prime Minister with responsibilities for economic and civil service matters. He also concurrently served as Chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) from 1998 until 2004, and Minister for Finance from 2001 until 2007. Mr Lee was appointed Chairman of Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) in June 2011. At the MAS, Mr Lee initiated reforms to liberalise the financial sector and to shift the emphasis from one-size-fits-all regulation towards a lighter supervisory touch, relying more on disclosure and caveat emptor. As Minister for Finance, he chaired the Economic Review Committee which in 2003 proposed strategies to further restructure and upgrade the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Nivea for Men Pest Environmental Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nivea for Men Pest Environmental Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nivea for Men Pest Environmental Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These included tax changes to make Singapore more competitive and a major restructuring of the Central Provident Fund system. As Prime Minister, Mr Lee has launched policies to build a competitive economy and an inclusive society. He has introduced new programmes to upgrade the education system, invest in R;D and infrastructure, and transform the city and living environment. Mr Lee chairs the Research, Innovation and Enterprise Council (RIEC), an international panel to oversee Singapore’s major effort in promoting R;D. Mr Lee’s Government is also strengthening Singapore’s social safety nets. Significant measures include the Workfare Incentive Scheme, which is a negative income tax to encourage and reward older, low-income workers, and Community Care (ComCare), an endowment fund to support a wide range of welfare and social programmes targeted at the poor. By tackling long-term issues such as the ageing population and the pressures of globalisation, Mr Lee seeks to gear up Singapore to seize the abundant opportunities in a vibrant Asia. Before entering politics, Mr Lee was a Brigadier-General in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). He attended the US Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and held various staff and command posts, including the Director of the Joint Operations and Plans Directorate, and Chief of Staff of the General Staff. Mr Lee was born on 10 February 1952 and completed his schooling in Singapore. He studied at the University of Cambridge, graduating with a B. A. in Mathematics and a Diploma in Computer Science. He subsequently earned a Masters in Public Administration from the Harvard Kennedy School. First married to Wong Ming Yang in 1978, Mr Lee was widowed in 1982. He remarried Ho Ching in 1985. He has one daughter and three sons. Mr Lee enjoys reading, walking, listening to classical music and tinkering with computers. Career  |   | 2004 –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  | Prime Minister Chairman, Research, Innovation and Enterprise Council (RIEC) Chairman, Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (2011)|   2001 – 2007  | Minister for Finance| 1998 – 2004  | Chairman, Monetary Authority of Singapore|   1990 – 2004  | Deputy Prime Minister| 987 – 1992  | Minister for Trade and Industry| 1987 – 1990  | Second Minister for Defence| 1984 – 1987  | Minister of State for Ministry of Trade and Industry ;   Ministry of Defence| 2004 –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  | Secretary-General, People’s Action Party|   1992 – 2004  | First Assistant Secretary-General, Peopl e’s Action Party|   1989 – 1992  | Second Assistant Secretary-General, People’s Action Party|   1986 – 1989  | Member, Central Executive Committee of the People’s Action Party|   1984 –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  | Member of Parliament First elected in 1984, and re-elected in 1988, 1991, 1997, 2001, 2006 and 2011)|   1982 – 1984  Ã‚  Ã‚  | Chief of Staff of the General Staff|   1983 – 1984  | Director of the Joint Operations and Plans Directorate|   1978 – 1979  | Attended the US Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, USA|   1971| Completed Officer Cadet Course at SAFTI and commissioned as 2nd Lieutenant in the SAF  |   |   | Academic|   | 979 – 1980| Mason Fellow at the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University; graduated with a Master’s Degree in Public Administration| 1974  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  | University of Cambridge, UK; graduated as a Wrangler in the Mathematics Tripos (equivalent to First Class Honours) and with a Diploma in Computer Science (with Distinction)| 1971| Awarded the SAF Scholarship| 1970| Awarded the President’s Scholarship| 1970| National Junior College| 1964 – 1969| Catholic High School| 1958 – 1963| Nanyang Girls’ High School (Co-Ed Primary Section)| LEADERSHIP August 2004, aged 52, was picked on a beam of Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, took office after the first challenge is to save the economy. Singapore economy of the Asian emerging economies (China, India) affect commerce, and 0 0 years, average economic growth for three years only one. Eight percent. Due to the relocation of manufacturing a large number, the unemployment rate in 2003 is also up to four. But a few years, Singapores economy completely transformed. From the flattening out of the moderate growth of the country, to two 0 0 IMD ranking of national competitiveness, beyond the Nordic Denmark, entry into the second after the United States competitive. Last year, Singapores economic growth rate of seven. Seven percent, the unemployment rate down to the end of a decade low of one. Six percent. Succession from his father Lee Hsien Loong, after taking office, to prove their leadership, not just rely on the father. In fact, Lees leadership, the leaders from Singapore on the long-term, planned training. Singapore has the worlds highest civil service pay, is to develop a good design is one of the government to work and live. Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loongs annual salary ? 0 fifty thousand dollars (about sixty-five million NT dollars), is the head of the worlds highest annual salary, is five times Bush, Yasuo Fukudas eight times, 11 times Chen Shui-bian. Last year, the head of the Singapore Parliament to review the salaries, Lee Hsien Loongs speech in response to Congress that the Singapore leadership team to develop understanding, ability, in addition to salaries, more importantly, long-term retention of good talent in the government. Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong, senior politicians in 1976, the government in the mill 14 years until 1990 when the Prime Minister and I 1984 in politics, but the mill for twenty years in government, to two 0 0 four years as prime minister. Im the Deputy Prime Minister seat in the world was to be the oldest person! Lee described the leaders of Singapore to develop patience. Recently, Lee Hsien Loong of Singapore is ready to begin developing the fourth generation successor. He said, I am already 55 years old, began to keep the pension, and I do not want to have a seven-year-old Singapores future prime minister, So, he looks to convince people into the thirties, the Singapore government, I want to in this age group to find the best people, the best choice to the people of Singapore. ten years later, this group of people, at least one person to become prime minister. Year before the election, Lee Hsien Loong extensive private business, search this age professionals to run for public office. Many professionals are convinced of the civil accountants, lawyers, doctors, etc. , are required to give a higher salary to politics. Difficult to convince these people in China, government officials have sea to do business; in Singapore, I told these people for the runway, said politics is climbing , very hard to carefully consider, Lee said. Political leaders, in the eyes of Lee Hsien Loong, to be both leadership and management two abilities. If the head of government would shout slogans, but unfamiliar with the business sector, big trouble, Lee said, heads of government departments not only to master the situation, when the chairman of the board, sometimes need to play the chief executive (CEO). Not only to direction, more capacity out of the policy implementation. Make everyone feel fair Singapore is in addition to Monaco, Macau and Hong Kong, the population density is highest. However, although the current four million residents, but twenty-five percent are foreigners. Their own people, three quarters of the population are Chinese, Malays who practice Islam are accounted for fourteen percent, the Hindu Indians accounted for eight percent, in addition to Europe and Asia mixed. Complex race, with full liberalization of the global economy, Singapores leaders the ability to gather consensus and recognition is more challenging. Lee believes that maintaining the principle of fairness and justice, is in addition to culture, art, life and other emotional factors, the more critical leadership. Everyone needs to accumulate their assets in this society as long as trying to prove yourself, you can succeed, climbing rose, which is particularly important for the pluralistic society, otherwise, it will feel worth the effort, not worth it to stay, Lee told the U. S. public television interview. Globalization raids by the small city-state, half of the population in Singapore every year and out the door several times, Singapore has become Asias most national conscio usness, national brand awareness in the world. Obviously, Lee Hsien Loong on how to play the globalization of the new Asian leaders, have their own set of.

Decompression Sickness essays

Decompression Sickness essays Decompression sickness is a painful and dangerous condition that is caused by the formation of gas bubble in the bloodstream and body tissue. Another name for decompression sickness is Caisson disease or Bends. Bends takes place when air pressure surrounding the body decreases to fast. Bends is most common among the underwater divers and people who work in construction. Theses people get Bends when they rise to the water surface or to ground level to fast. People in aircrafts may also experience Bends if pressurization does not take place. The bubbles are formed when air pressure drops to quickly and lets nitrogen that was in the body, comes out of the body solution and forms bubbles. The bubbles are harmful because they stretch or break tissues or impair the circulation of blood through passageways. Some symptoms of Bends are pain in the joints of bones, itching or tingling, breathing problems, and total or partial paralysis. Some less common symptoms are dizziness, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, and coma. In some cases Bends can be fatal. Increasing the air pressure in a sealed pressure chamber treats bends. In the chamber, the increasing pressure compresses the nitrogen bubbles and causes some nitrogen to go back into solution in body fluids. The pressure slowly lowers so that the nitrogen leaves the body without excessive bubbling. Bends is a very painful condition. In order to prevent bends, always be careful when diving or moving to different areas of pressure. You dont want bends to happen to you! ...

Complexity of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Complexity of Management - Essay Example This will not provide sufficient detail implying that certain tasks require being broken down and simplified. In this case, probably have a separate day for each category of the dishes and desserts in the buffet. This represents the complexity of management as there are a series of conventional, continuous events occurring as intricate adaptive agents work together (Lassick 2002, pp.15-16). In this example, intricate adaptive agents are brought out by the fact that we all have different preferences for various dishes and desserts at the same time these dishes and desserts are bound to be affected by temperatures where ice creams will melt for instance. As much as a buffet is a predictable event, people participating will have different energy and satisfaction levels owing to the requirement of filling a feedback form afterwards while still eating everything being offered. Looking into complexity issues is essential for management as there has been a realization that organizational st ructures, which largely give rise to complex situations, cannot be solved by traditional top-down approaches. Adaptive agents, as mentioned above, require support along with social engagement so as to resolve the complex issues they raise. In the example spreading out all the meals in the buffet over a day would be effective but one is faced with the difficulty of limited time for tasks. Social engagement calls for ideas being brought out by interactions between groups of people. This produces solutions that turn complexity into means of survival and productivity in the work place (Allen et al 2011, p.385). Recently, organizations such as Haier Group have embraced dynamic ways of working where employees are categorized into teams and operate autonomously that is, they select team leaders from among themselves as well as working on tasks that they are skilled at. This has bred innovation and productivity, which has in turn allowed the company to maintain a superior position within th e industry. Haier Group is a Chinese company that manufactures home appliances such as refrigerators and washing machines (Larson, 2013). Early Approaches to Dealing with Complexity Earlier on, strategic management approaches dealt with complexity through reduction as looking at relationships from a holistic perspective is difficult and in some cases almost impossible. This reduction proved ineffective as crucial relationships were destroyed leading to wrong interpretations and misunderstandings. Modern times have instead looked at complexity as a natural occurrence with the intention of working out the general structures along with interactions. This in turn has revived the holistic view as it applies a superior look into relationships as well as the situational environment. Research has indicated that there is no single approach towards dealing with complexity, where both holistic view and reduction tools are being combined to handle complex issues. Presently, the success of a maj ority of companies has been attributed to soft qualities, which include experience along with know-how of managers. These attributes are complex and as such require collection through information systems. Therefore, following particular designs of information systems, organizations can be able to design effective system maps of relationships. Thereby, management is better

Bullet Velocity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bullet Velocity - Research Paper Example A bullet is a metallic projectile loaded in cartridges and fired from firearms, the cartridge consists of a cartridge case, propellant charge, primer, and bullet. Pulling the trigger strikes the primer which in turn ignites the gunpowder, high pressure is built which propels the bullet forward and ejects the casing. The flight path of a bullet includes travel down the barrel, path through the air, and path through a target or wounding (Fackler, 1996). The burning gunpowder produces pressure given by Force divided by Area and the larger the barrel the greater the acceleration of the bullet. It is difficult to measure forces within the barrel but the velocity at which the bullet exits the barrel (muzzle velocity), can easily be calculated (Bruner et al, 2011), and is given in feet per second. Bullet velocities are classified as below 1000 fps, 1000-2000 fps and above 2000 fps as low, medium and high velocity respectively. (Wilson, 1997) (Wilson, 1997) Bullet Velocity Initial/Internal B allistics Pressure exerted on the bullet by the burning powder is given by Pressure=Force/Area Whereby: Area = base of bullet= diameter of barrel = constant Energy transmitted to the bullet thus depends on: 1. Mass (ponds) 2. Time of travel (seconds) 3. Time interval over which force is applied (seconds) 4. Barrel length (metres) The pressure and time is related as shown in the graph below Pressure Time over which force is applied As the bullet travels through the barrel, it phases minor deformations called setbacks resulting from imperfections in the barrel, however, the effect of this deformations are negligible (Jandial et al, 2008) External Ballistics/In Air to the Target This can be determined from Kinetic energy formulae as follows: Let: m=mass of bullet a=acceleration of the bullet x=distance travelled From Newton’s second law F=ma †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(1) Then; Work done is given by work done=ma(x) From the expression v2=u2+2ax (Zitzewitz et al, 1995) Wh ere: v=final velocity u= initial velocity =0 since the bullet starts from rest Thus; a=v2/2x †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (2) Substituting eqn(2) into equation of work Work done = mv2x / 2x †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (3) Since work done=Kinetic energy Kinetic energy of bullet, KE=mv2 2 Rearranging for velocity V2 = 2KE M Velocity, V= (2KE M) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(4) OR Let W = Weight in grains. Then M = W/ (7000grains per pound 32 ft/s) where: 32 ft/s – gravitational acceleration Kinetic Energy = WV2/450435 ft/lb Hence velocity, V= (KE450435 W) This is the bullets velocity as it leaves the muzzle. This velocity is affected by Drug as it heads towards the target. Let f (v/a) - ratio of velocity of bullet to velocity of sound in the medium of travel k- Constant for shape of the bullet &- constant for yaw p- Density of medium d- Diameter of bullet Drug, D = f (v/a) k&pd2v2 The degree to which a bullet is slowed by drug is calle d retardation given by Retardation, r = D/M Velocity is thus given by misery Velocity, V = (KE450435 W) – D/M A bullet fired straight upwards will slow down, stop and fall back to earth obeying the lows of free fall. It accelerates until it reaches a point where its weight equal to resistance of the air, this velocity is called terminal velocity (Cecil 2012). The formulae for free fall is expressed as V= ? gt where: g—gravitational acceleration t—time of fall References Bruner D, Gustafson CG, Visintainer C. Ballistic injuries in the emergency department. Emerg Med Pract. 2011;13(12):1-30. Cecil Adam, Retrieved from http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Formula_for_velocity_of_a_bullet Fackler ML: Civilian gunshot wounds and ballistics: dispelling the myths. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1998;16:17-28. Jandial R, Reichwage B, Levy M, Duenas V, Sturdivan L. Ballistics for the neurosurgeon. Neurosurgery. 2008;62:472-480. Wilson JM: Wound ballistics. West J Med. 1977;127:49-54. Zit zewitz, Paul W. & Robert F Neff.  Physics: Principles and Problems. New York: Glance, 1995:

David Fincher's Seven Film Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

David Fincher's Seven Film Analysis - Essay Example The essay will initially explain how Seven can be regarded as what Hardy (97, 301) describes as a ‘neo-noir’ film, whilst also fitting into the New-brutality film category, in order to present a chronological narrative structure. It will then go on to discuss aspects of narrative which bridge these two categories and examine the narrative structure the film follows. Finally, it will focus on the neo-noir protagonist and demonstrate how characterization in the film draws heavily from this genre. There is a close and very important relationship between narrative, characterization, and mise-en-scene in any film. As Bordwell & Thompson (02, 75) explain ‘we should strive to make our interpretations precise by seeing how each films thematic meanings are suggested by the films total system. In a film, both explicit and implicit meanings depend closely on the relations between narrative and style’. It is, therefore, only when the film is taken as a whole that its fu ll array of meanings emerges. Gilles Deleuze argues that the classic Hollywood film is hallmarked by ‘action-images’. These action-images are, as he explains ‘the relation between [milieux and modes of behavior] and all the varieties of this relation. It is this model which produced the universal triumph of the American cinema.’ (Deleuze, 86, 141) In Deleuze’s definition of a standard Hollywood film, the character is acted upon by the milieu or the circumstances in which he finds himself. He is presented with a situation to which he reacts in order to modify the milieu or his relationship to it. He must, therefore, find what Deleuze (86,141) describes as a ‘new way of being’ or alternatively adopt his current way of being to meet the demands of the situation with which he is presented.  

Restorative Justice And Crime Prevention Criminology Essay

Restorative Justice And Crime Prevention Criminology Essay Traditional Justice in the United States has been an eye for an eye standard since this nation declared its independence from England in 1776. While this concept is acceptable, because it adheres to the Law, it does nothing for the offender or victim beyond punishment. (Redlich, 2012) Restorative Justice is the standard of putting the law in the back seat, and bringing the problem of why the offender committed the crime, how the offender can repair his or her injustice, the victim having an input in the criminals restoration and the opportunity to confront the offender, with the community helping the victim and offender overcome the crime by restoring each other to society as responsible forgiving citizens that are productive to society. (Richards, 2009) Traditional Justice is not successful in overcoming crime, and does not correct the injustice or harm done by the offender, nor does it stop the offender from re-offending after the punishment has been completed. Restorative Justice is the best solution for minimizing future crime, and correcting the recidivism associated with traditional justice. Traditional Justice in America has been consistent for more than two centuries, in that our nation has sought to punish wrong doers (criminals) by stiff sentences of incarceration, probation, parole, and fines. The people that are caught up in a criminal offense in the U.S. are sent to prison by the droves. Once they are released from prison, or jail, this is not the end of their circumstance. Often, low class offenders are placed on probation, where they are constantly monitored by a probation officer, and in some cases if the offender has a prison sentence in some states, he or she are placed on Parole. This is determined on an individual basis. Sadly enough, being monitored after prison or jail, the offender is thrown back into society with very little support in his or her financial lively-hood. The ex-offender is released with less than $200.00 in most state ran prison facilities. The offender may have had a home, transportation, a wife or husband, a job and other necessities fo r them to survive at the point where they were sent to jail or prison. When the ex-offender comes back into free society (for the most part), he or she is without any of the necessities to survive as a law-abiding, self-supporting citizen. (Galster, 1985) Criminal Records Now, in 2012, when an offender is convicted or even charged with a crime, a criminal record is established as public information that is used to prejudice, and stigmatize the ex-offender or accused from equal opportunity employment. This record is often used to deny the person of renting a home or apartment, working in certain companies or businesses. (Relyea, 1980) More and more employers seek the criminal record history of job applicants, sometimes even before extending the applicant an offer. Typically, employers will seek such information on employment applications, often asking applicants to indicate in a check box question whether they have been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor within a certain time period. Other employers will ask this question and explore a candidates response during a job interview, and most employers will ask applicants to submit to a full criminal background check after a conditional offer of employment is extended. Employers who gather and use crimina l history information need to be mindful of applicable local, state and federal laws regarding criminal background checks (Rosen, 2011). Recidivism Prison sentences are not succeeding in turning the majority of offenders away from crime. Of those prisoners released in 1997, 58 per cent were convicted of another crime within two years. Thirty-six per cent were back inside on another prison sentence. The system struggles particularly to reform younger offenders. 18-20-year-old male prisoners were reconvicted at a rate of 72 per cent over the same period; 47 per cent received another prison sentence (webarchive, 2007). These numbers dont lie. People that are released from incarceration are starting life all over again regardless of their age. When a person is released without support from the community, family, friends, or organizations that help the ex-offender re-establish themselves as law-abiding, self-supporting citizens, in America, the statistics says that most ex-offenders will return to prison or jail. This alone is enough to recognize that the traditional justice system is severely flawed in reducing recidivism or crime. Restorative Justice Restorative justice or reparative justice is an approach to justice that focuses on the needs of the victims and the offenders, as well as the community, instead of legal principles or punishing the offender. The victims participate in the process, while offenders are encouraged to take responsibility for their actions. This form of justice gives the offender the greatest opportunity to repair the harm theyve done which allows them to apologize to everyone harmed, and other restoration to the offender such as returning stolen money, or participating in community service is part of the rehabilitation. Restorative justice focuses on both the victim and offender by addressing and implementing solutions to their personal needs. The key preventative aspect of restorative justice is that it provides help for the offender in order to avoid future offenses. It is based on a theory of justice that considers crime and wrongdoing to be an offense against an individual or community, instead of a crime against the state. In the traditional justice system currently applied in most criminal courts, the offender versus the State or United States is sold to the tax payer under the premise of we the people concept. (Richards, 2009) Restorative justice that nurtures discussion between the victim and offender shows the highest rates of victim satisfaction and offender accountability. Restorative justice is a different way of thinking about responding to crime. Restorative justice politicians and authorities view crime as harm done to people and communities, not just violation of the law. They seek to put things right by addressing the harm to victims, the community and by addressing the causes of crime. There are many different types of restorative justice. (Solgps.alberta.ca 2012) Restorative Justice Models The three most common models are Family group (or community) conferencing, Circles (sentencing circles, healing circles, or peace circles), and Victim-offender conferences where most models involve some form of encounter between the victim and offender. (Solgps.alberta.ca 2012) The principle of restorative justice starts with realizing that crime is injury. Crime hurts individual victims, communities, and offenders which creates an obligation to make things right by everyone. All parties should be a part of the response to the crime, including the victim if he or she wishes, the community, and the offender. The victims perspective is central to deciding how to repair the harm caused by the crime. Accountability for the offender means accepting responsibility and acting to repair the harm done. The community is responsible for the well-being of all its members, including both victim and offender. All human beings have dignity and worth. Restoration in Restorative Justice is repairing the harm and rebuilding relationships in the community. The results are measured by how much repair was accomplished with the offender, victim and community, rather than by how much punishment was inflicted on the offender. The goal of restoring the offender, in the community is key to the success of Restorative Justice. Crime control cannot be achieved without active involvement of the community. When dealing with all offenders, the justice process is respectful of age, abilities, sexual orientation, family status, and diverse cultures and backgrounds. Using the restorative justice model gives full recognition of everyone involved, regardless of racial, ethnic, geographic, religious, economic, or other common prejudices associated in the traditional justice we currently have ensuring that everyone is given equal protection and due process.(ojjdp.gov, 2012) Restorative Justice and Recidivism One of the most important outcome variables for any form of criminal justice intervention is recidivism. The overall mean effect size for the 32 tests that examined the effectiveness of restorative justice programming in reducing offender recidivism was +.07 (SD = .13) with a 95% CI of +.12 to +.02. Although the effect sizes ranged from +.38 to -.23, more than two thirds of the effect sizes were positive (72%). In other words, restorative justice programs, on average, yielded reductions in recidivism compared to non-restorative approaches to criminal behavior. In fact, compared to the comparison and/or control groups who did not participate in a restorative justice program, offenders in the treatment groups were significantly more successful during the follow-up periods, t(31) = 2.88, p Benefits of Restorative Justice A benefit to the community for restorative justice is the opportunity to be interactive with the victims and the offenders beyond the traditional justice system. The community can identify the problems within their surroundings and recognize the problems before crime occurs. Potential offenders can be identified and brought into the system early to rehabilitate them and give them a quality of life experience that hopefully minimizes the community threats of crime. In addition, as our society has recognized the disparate treatment of employment opportunities for ex-offenders, nearly all state laws prohibit employers from considering a job applicants arrest that did not result in a conviction. Moreover, the EEOC takes the position that because the use of arrest records as an absolute bar to employment has a disparate impact on some protected groups; such records alone cannot be used to exclude applicants from employment and has even gone as far as stating that a pre-employment inquiry may violate Title VII. The EEOC has consistently invalidated employment policies containing a blanket exclusion of those individuals with arrest records. Thus, employers should avoid asking job applicants any questions designed to elicit information regarding prior arrests that did not result in convictions and should remove any such questions from employment applications (Rosen, 2012). Benefits of the victim are true concern for their mental, physical, and recovery needs. Traditional court has very little if any concern for the victim outside of using them to testify against the offender to gain a conviction. Restoration of the victim is almost meaningless to the traditional courts. The victim is given the opportunity to reconcile with the offender, and be at peace with themselves and the offender, or they can opt out to retain the eye for an eye belief about justice. By confronting the offender, the victim is able to understand why the offender committed the crime, and he or she is left with acceptance or denial of what has happened. This is true closure. (The term: Closure is often used in a criminal proceeding by the prosecutor or defense attorney which means: A feeling of finality or resolution, especially after a traumatic experience (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/closure, 2012). Without restoring the victim, the offender, and reintegrating the ex-offender after prison with his character being restored and the victim having the opportunity to put to rest the harm the offender caused, with a society that wants to forgive, closure is an illusion for everyone. The benefits of the offender is to allow them the opportunity to explain why the offense was committed, and understand what he or she is expected of from the community and victim. The offender can be restored with the opportunity to make a difference in society and their self. By being confronted in this forum, the offender can be honest within themselves and face the real whole truth and nothing but the truth. Conclusion In this paper, we have learned that Traditional Justice fails to restore the victim, the community, and the offender. Traditional justice cost tax payers extensively with little regard to making amends by the offender to the offended or the citizens the offender was a part of before the crime took place. Identifying criminal conduct, bringing the offender into a court of law, convicting the offender, sending the offender to jail or prison and releasing them back into free society without money, a job, a home, a vehicle, and a chance to work or re-establish a productive life with the traditional justice system is appalling. Certainly, we as a people must refuse to accept crime, but when looking at the benefits of traditional justice versus restorative justice, it is very easy to see that restorative justice is the answer to recidivism, responsibility, justice, and reduction of cost to minimize criminal conduct. By identifying the accused, bringing the offender to the knowledge of the truth about what offense has been committed, confronting the accused with the victim, and allowing society to interact by providing the victim and offender with productive reconciliation is how we as the greatest nation in the world will ever overcome the evil with good. Regardless of whether the offenders criminal conduct was attributed to drugs and alcohol, as more that seventy-percent of all crimes are a result of drugs and alcohol, the offender, victim, and society deserve a solution to crime, not a band-aid that only puts the prisoner in jail or prison, and puts a greater threat on society once he or she is released af ter the sentence under the traditional justice system.

The Impact of the Civil War on Womens Rights Essay -- Womens Rights

â€Å"I do not wish them [women] to have power over men; but over themselves.† ― Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman After four years of seemingly endless battle between a divided nation, more than 600,000 people were killed. These lives, however, were not given in vain. Had it not been for the American Civil War, abolition may not have been carried out. The nation might have remained divided. Women might have remained confined to their roles as the "homemakers." Although the Civil War was fought in hopes of preserving the nation and ridding it of slavery, another war raged on within the depths of this war--the women's war. Serving as nurses both in the hospital and on the battlefields, women came to know a whole different world; a world outside of the home. When the last gun shot was fired, women were expected to return to their roles as the housewives. Some, however, had tasted the sweetness of being able to hold positions equal to that of their male counterparts and had become addicted. In this way, the American Civil War served as a significant turning point for the transformation of societal v iews concerning working women-particularly those in the field of nursing. Prior to the Civil War, it was believed that a woman's place was in the home. Societal views held that women were to be the homemakers, while the occupations in the outside world were to be left to the men. "It was an age when women were preferred as angels rather than amazons, homemakers rather than careerists" (Donald & Randall 19). A woman's legal status was dependent on that of her father or husband, depending on whether she was married or not. As a result, a woman could not make any legal appearances in court or sign any legal papers... ...ar and Reconstruction. D.C. Health and Company: Boston,1965. McPherson, James M. Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, Second Edition. Princeton University: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1992. Moore, Frank. Women of the War: Their Heroism and Self-Sacrifice. Hartford, Connecticut: S.S. Scranton & Co., 1866. "Negro Emancipation," Harper's Weekly: Journal of Civilization, January 10, 1863, p. 18. "The Bombardment of Fort Sumter," Harper's Weekly: Journal of Civilization, April 27, 1861, p. 1. Thompson, William F. Image of War: The Pictorial Reporting of the American Civil War. Louisiana State University Press: Baton Rouge and London, 1960. Volo, Dorothy Denneen and Volo, James M. Daily Life in Civil War America. Greenwood Press: Westport, Connecticut and London,1998. Wright, Mike. What They Didn't Teach You About the Civil War. Presido Press, 1996.

Cell phones in high schools Essay

Now days using cell phones in high school is not an easy issue because cell phones and other smart electronic machines established with the fast moving of technology, so everybody has a cell phone from children to older people, its became an important thing in our life and we use it in a lot things even if it effect on our society because it has a lot of advantages it’s also has a disadvantages if we use it in a wrong way in school or other places. In this research I well talk about several points about using cell phones in high schools, the policy that school’s administration has taken about this issue and the advantages and the disadvantages of using cell phones in schools by students or teachers. Using cell phone in high school has a lot of advantages because it can be an educational tool in the class if the teachers know how to use it for teaching and important and improve their lessons. Students can also use it for research about their lessons and to answer difficult questions and even they can connect with each other after school for their projects and other studies. A lot of parents support the idea of using cell phones but outside the classes for example in the field to ensure the safety of their children if there is a sort of emergency. On the other hand there are also some dis advantages about using cell phones in high school and they are very disruptive to students and teachers. Also the phone could make egregious problems if they use the privet areas and publishing them. A lot of schools don’t have a policy of using cell phones by teachers inside the school, but they not allowed them to use it during lessons. Cell phones may be helpful for teachers if they are in activity outside the school to use it for emergency issues, otherwise it will cause a distraction during lessons. Another point we can consider it that it’s important that the bus driver has a cell phone because he will be away from the school when he with the children. To conclude using cell phones in high schools need more studies to apply it in the future. But could schools change their policy to use cell phones as an educational tool by students and teachers during classes? In the future â€Å"yes† it could be because technology well becomes our life in schools or anywhere else but we must use it in the good way and the school must control that carefully by a lot of strict policies.

Disrespect essays

Disrespect essays When television first emerged, sitcoms like Leave It To Beaver portrayed loving children who would have never dreamed of disobeying someone with authority. But as we flip through the channels today, we see pictures of children screaming at their parents, students hitting teachers, and juveniles running from the law. Despite the fact that these scenarios are seen on television, this kind of behavior is a reality in todays society. Perhaps this because young people have a lack of respect for authority figures. It seems as if more and more talk shows, such as The Maury Povich Show, are having topics such as My Out of Control Teen and Send My Daughter/Son to Boot Camp. Children as young as nine years old run out on stage screaming obscenities to the audience as well as to their parents. They think that the disrespect they are displaying towards their parents is cool. In all actuality these obnoxious displays of disrespect are not cool, and if things do not change now, consequences for their disrespectful behavior could follow in the future. Disrespecting parents can eventually lead to problems in classroom settings. In the classroom students are starting to lose all respect for teachers. We repeatedly hear about children hitting, cursing at, and not paying attention to their teachers. Since parents have no control over their children, teachers usually have little control over them as well. This often forces teachers to put serious accounts of disrespect into the hands of law enforcement. Because parents and teachers can not control juveniles, the police and other law enforcement are expected to try and handle the problem. But the police can not always solve the problem. Children are constantly disrespecting law enforcement as well. New reports regularly report stories of juveniles disobeying police orders and going as far as fi ...

Ever Since and Every Sense of the Word

Ever Since and Every Sense of the Word Ever Since and Every Sense of the Word Ever Since and Every Sense of the Word By Maeve Maddox Many misspellings are the result of mispronunciation. The first time I saw the expression â€Å"ever since† written as â€Å"ever sense,† I assumed that it had been written by the speaker of a regional dialect. For example, where I live, it’s often impossible to tell if someone is asking to borrow a pen or a pin. Since is an adverb. The expression â€Å"ever since† means, â€Å"from that time until now.† For example, â€Å"He was elected in 1983 and has served in the Senate ever since.† Sense is used as both noun and verb: The sense of sight is perhaps the most treasured of the five senses. (noun) Do you sense the excitement in the room? (verb) When I started searching the Web for examples of the â€Å"ever sense† error, I was surprised to find them all over the map. Of course, there’s no way to tell if a writer grew up in the American South, but I did find examples of sense for since on sites originating outside the South–in Utah, Michigan, and even in the United Kingdom. And not just on blogs or in forums, but on professional sites as well. Here are some of my gleanings: Ever sense the update, my iPhone 4S will randomly shut off at least once a day. Let’s assume for the sake of argument that this was the only bad thing [he’s] ever done in his life and he’s behaved perfectly ever sense. Ever sense the Maryland Senate elections, I’ve wondered He started mock elections in Payson and has been doing it ever sense. They have been talking about term limits ever sense term limits was made [a] word about 100 years ago. The resultant settlement has commanded broad consensual support ever sense. This example from a site offering research papers for sale uses the word since correctly in the same sentence as the error: .has been present since the 1950s and has only been growing ever sense. In the course of tracking this misuse of sense in the expression â€Å"ever since,† I encountered numerous examples of the misuse of ever in the idiom â€Å"in every sense of the word.† In â€Å"every sense of the word,† every is an adjective describing the noun sense. â€Å"In every sense of the word† means â€Å"in all the ways this word may be defined.† Ever is an adverb. The phrase â€Å"ever sense of the word† is meaningless, but that doesn’t stop it from being widely used: A real Palace in ever sense of the word Excellent in ever sense of the word! [The game] Ihan Crystal is flawed, in ever sense of the word. 2012 was a disaster in ever sense of the word. I mean big in ever sense of the word you can come up with. I am an optimist in ever sense of the word. Like the Elephant’s Child, I’m a little warm (in every sense of the word), but not at all astonished. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?26 Feels of Insufficient Hyphenation

What Human Resource Management Is And To What Extent Do Hard And Essay

What Human Resource Management Is And To What Extent Do Hard And Soft HRM Practices Differ - Essay Example The researcher states that in the recent past adoption of HRM practices has been on the rise thus challenging the personnel management existing order in many organizations. A lot of questions have remained unexplained on why HRM has been dominant over the other practices of employment. Attempts to sufficiently define the role of HRM have been unsuccessful. Many scholars had to speculate if there has been anything new formed regarding the precise definition of HRM. Some view human resource management to be in direct rebellion and rejection with personnel management and industrial relations. Others on the other hand view HRM to be a repackaged form of Personnel Management. Interestingly, there has been a considerable degree of extension and overlap between the roles, models, and theories that constitute the disciplines of Personnel Management and HRM. The overlap is in support of the fact and argument that HRM is Personnel Management that has been repackaged, and there is no big change between the two. On the contrast, the HRM outcomes have not been in agreement with that of traditional Personnel management. For example, cultural controls, strategic orientations, and normative concepts are absent in HRM. Many argue that the distinction between HRM and Personnel Management is on the different ways in which the theories and models they share are being deployed. A definite example that districts between the two disciplines are discourse and dialogue HRM treats labor unions. To the labor process theory, HRM has become a universal term describing the different employment governance approach. To define the employment management procedures, it is necessary to distinguish between HRM as a discipline and HRM as a dialogue. To reveal the actual role of HRM it is vital to carry out a definition of based in the context it operates in. In my view, HRM is a regulation mode that nurtures an accumulation capitalist regime. It is because the HRM practices were first being formula ted implemented by the Western nations whose economies are capitalists in nature.

Fiscal and Monetary Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fiscal and Monetary Policy - Essay Example From the study it is clear that  in the United States, moreover, the existing mandate to the Federal Reserve Board emanating from Congress is for the former to promulgate fiscal policy decisions that will push employment numbers to the maximum as well as achieve stability in prices of goods and services.As the paper highlights  separate from this general two-component mandate, however, the US Central Bank has autonomy with regard to the operational aspects of achieving those mandates, and that means that the US Federal Reserve Board has the independence to chart monetary policy without intervention from the US Congress. In contrast, when one talks about fiscal policy, one talks about things that relate to the way government raises revenues through taxation, in order to finance its activities in terms of government expenditures.  As the name implies monetary policy refers to the policy, as controlled bank, pertaining to the amount of money in circulation in the economy. The mech anisms of control of the monetary supply, or the effecting of monetary policy include tweaking interest rates for loans, as well as tweaking monetary reserve requirements for banks. The end result is that the central bank can calibrate the amount of money n circulation by controlling these monetary policy levers.  In times of recession, mostly, the central bank will try to lower interest rates to spur borrowing and also relax controls on money to increase the overall supply of money in the economy.

Challenges of factoring economic inequality into work-family programs Essay

Challenges of factoring economic inequality into work-family programs and policies - Essay Example They rely on government cash assistance, which is inadequate for providing even a minimal standard of living to these poor families. Therefore the biggest challenge for these families is that they must choose between health care and food, or between other necessary expenditures. Furthermore, many of these low-income families that are eligible for government cash or other assistance either do not know they are eligible, or find that the application process is very lengthy in receiving assistance (Mooney, Knox & Schacht, 2014). These challenges of excluding lower-income families from government policies and programs lead to certain implications. Around 67 percent of employed parents claim that they do not have enough time to spend time with their children, at the same time 63 percent of married workers complain that they cannot spend enough time with their partners (Bernstein & Kornbluh, 2015). Over half of all employees also claim that they do not even have enough time for themselves (Bernstein & Kornbluh, 2015). Such a tough routine of long working hours engenders feelings of stress and guilt that endangers the quality of family life, even as incomes rise (Bernstein & Kornbluh, 2015). Mothers reported that they spend an average of 5.5 hours a day caring their children in 1998, which is almost the same amount of time as mothers did in 1965 (Bernstein & Kornbluh, 2015). They accomplished this time with their children largely by cutting back on activities including sleep time, household work, leisure activities, and personal interest activities. In fact, it can be said that mothers who are a part of paid labour force forgo sleep equivalent to one night every week as opposed to mothers who are not a part of paid labor force (Bernstein & Kornbluh, 2015). Bernstein, J., & Kornbluh, K. (2005). Running Faster To Stay In Place: The Growth of Family Work Hours and Income (pp. 1-13). Washington DC: New American Foundation. Retrieved from

Math Anxiety and Math Self-Efficacy Essay Example for Free

Math Anxiety and Math Self-Efficacy Essay Objective: This is a descriptive-correlational study which investigated the relationship between math anxieties, math self-efficacies and math achievements of maritime college sophomores in Iloilo, Philippines. Method: This research was conducted at the three campuses of St. Therese- MTC Colleges, namely: Tigbauan, La Fiesta, and Magdalo Sites during the first semester of academic year 2004-2005. The participants of the study consisted of 316 maritime sophomores who were chosen using proportional random sampling. The data for this study were gathered using standardized questionnaires. For mathematics achievement, the mean of their grades in mathematics subjects taken in their first year were used. Basic descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, t-test for independent samples, and Pearson-Product Moment correlation test were used to analyze data. Result: The study found out that the majority of the maritime sophomores belonged to the â€Å"terminal† case of math anxiety or was on the verge of becoming impatient, yet the majority had a high math self-efficacy level. Their math achievements, on the other hand, were generally poor. They differed significantly on their math achievement when grouped according to math anxiety and math self-efficacy. Finally, negative but significant relationship existed between math anxiety and math self-efficacy and math anxiety and math achievement while math self-efficacy and math achievement were positively and significantly related. In other words, those with low math anxiety had high math self-efficacy and consequently they performed better in math than those with high math anxiety and low math self-efficacy. Discussion: Results indicated that the higher math anxiety is the lower is math self-efficacy and math achievement. In the same manner, lower math anxiety results to high math self-efficacy which in turn results to high math achievement. This is consistent with studies done by previous researchers like Richardson and Suinn, (1972), and Suinn, et al, (1972) to name a few. Although three decades and cultural differences separated the studies, still similar results have been observed. This only implies that when it comes to factors related to math performance, time and culture have no bearing on the results. Conclusion: Generally, maritime college sophomores’ math achievements were poor. However, when they were grouped according to math anxiety and math self-efficacy, it showed that those with high self-efficacy had higher math achievement than those with low self-efficacy. Moreover, those with high math anxiety had lower math achievement compared to those with low math anxiety. The study suggests that math educators must look into building students’ confidence in mathematics to overcome their anxiety and thus, improve their overall performance in math.

Revenge in Hamlet and The Revengers Tragedy Essay -- Elizabethan Reve

  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this study of revenge and revengers in two Elizabethan revenge tragedies the two plays I shall look at are Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, and The Revenger's Tragedy, by Thomas Middleton. I shall look first at the playwrights' handling of the characters of the revengers, and then at the treatment of the revengers by other characters in the plays. Although having similarities in their underlying themes, and in their adherence to conventions, these two plays present contrasting pictures of the figure of the revenger; Hamlet offering a far more complex treatment of its main character, and The Revenger's Tragedy appearing, in comparison, limited by the author's social message, and lacking in realistic characterisation. Hamlet and Vindice, the two revengers, have in common their tasks as revengers, but they have very different methods of dealing with situations, modes of thought, and instinctual behaviour. Middleton's Vindice is largely an allegorical character; his name and the names of other characters in The Revenger's Tragedy (e.g. Spurio, Ambitioso) are derived from Medieval morality plays; names which suggest the quality of near-farcical exaggeration which is a feature of The Revenger's Tragedy from the opening scene's remarkable similarity to a procession of the Seven Deadly Sins, to Vindice's simplistic association of lust with Judas and the Devil. Hamlet, in contrast, is an individual with depth, who suffers from insecurity, and a sense of absurdity. As we see him at the beginning of the play he is suffering from melancholy, not only from the death of his father, but also from "the moral shock of the sudden ghostly disclosure of his mother's true nature" (Bradley). Hamlet is psychologically real, and in my view... ...tentions in the face of a whimsical providence. Works Cited Bradley, A. C., John Russell. Brown, and A. C. Bradley. A.C. Bradley on Shakespeare's Tragedies: A Concise Edition and Reassessment. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Print. Garber, Marjorie B. Profiling Shakespeare. New York: Routledge, 2008. Print. Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, and Ian Johnston. On the Use and Abuse of History for Life. Arlington, VA: Richer Resources Publications, 2010. Print. Erlich, Avi. Hamlet's Absent Father. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1977. Print. Middleton, Thomas. â€Å"The Revenger’s Tragedy.† 1607. Five Revenge Tragedies. Ed. Emma Smith. London: Penguin Classics, 2012. Print. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. New York: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1994. Wilson, J. Dover "What Happens in Hamlet" New York: Cambridge University Press, 1959 Revenge in Hamlet and The Revenger's Tragedy Essay -- Elizabethan Reve   Ã‚  Ã‚   In this study of revenge and revengers in two Elizabethan revenge tragedies the two plays I shall look at are Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, and The Revenger's Tragedy, by Thomas Middleton. I shall look first at the playwrights' handling of the characters of the revengers, and then at the treatment of the revengers by other characters in the plays. Although having similarities in their underlying themes, and in their adherence to conventions, these two plays present contrasting pictures of the figure of the revenger; Hamlet offering a far more complex treatment of its main character, and The Revenger's Tragedy appearing, in comparison, limited by the author's social message, and lacking in realistic characterisation. Hamlet and Vindice, the two revengers, have in common their tasks as revengers, but they have very different methods of dealing with situations, modes of thought, and instinctual behaviour. Middleton's Vindice is largely an allegorical character; his name and the names of other characters in The Revenger's Tragedy (e.g. Spurio, Ambitioso) are derived from Medieval morality plays; names which suggest the quality of near-farcical exaggeration which is a feature of The Revenger's Tragedy from the opening scene's remarkable similarity to a procession of the Seven Deadly Sins, to Vindice's simplistic association of lust with Judas and the Devil. Hamlet, in contrast, is an individual with depth, who suffers from insecurity, and a sense of absurdity. As we see him at the beginning of the play he is suffering from melancholy, not only from the death of his father, but also from "the moral shock of the sudden ghostly disclosure of his mother's true nature" (Bradley). Hamlet is psychologically real, and in my view... ...tentions in the face of a whimsical providence. Works Cited Bradley, A. C., John Russell. Brown, and A. C. Bradley. A.C. Bradley on Shakespeare's Tragedies: A Concise Edition and Reassessment. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Print. Garber, Marjorie B. Profiling Shakespeare. New York: Routledge, 2008. Print. Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, and Ian Johnston. On the Use and Abuse of History for Life. Arlington, VA: Richer Resources Publications, 2010. Print. Erlich, Avi. Hamlet's Absent Father. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1977. Print. Middleton, Thomas. â€Å"The Revenger’s Tragedy.† 1607. Five Revenge Tragedies. Ed. Emma Smith. London: Penguin Classics, 2012. Print. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. New York: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1994. Wilson, J. Dover "What Happens in Hamlet" New York: Cambridge University Press, 1959

Philippines Economic Growth Essay

The Philippines has a representative democracy modeled on United State’s system of government. Its republic type of government has also a presidential system of government with bicameral legislature and an independent judiciary wherein the president is limited to six years of terms. Whenever there are troubles experienced within the government of the Philippines, leaders tends to seek help and often times united States always offers help and assistance to the Philippines. Although historically speaking, they were once the conquerors of the Philippines. Both government are being attcked by terrorist which opposes the kind of leaders and leadership in the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Philippines is considered as one newly industrialized country located in South east Asia. It is also the fastest growing economy in Southeast Asia posting a GDP growth rate of 7.5% in 2007’s second quarter. (Hookway, 2007.p.A1). As compared to the United States the GDP of the Philippines is really far from US’ GDP rate of 88% over the past decades and until the present. United States is really a great country and is considered to be where the world’s largest gross domestic product rate is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   GDP per capita of the Philippines is estimated to be $5,700 in 2007 which is far behind the GDP per capita of the United States which is estimated $44,000 for this year.( US treasury Dept. 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unemployment rates in the Philippines is 7.9% while US is just half of it at 4.4%. This reflects how hardworking the Americans as compare to Filipinos who merely wants a simple life and simple way of living. Inflation rates in the Philippines is 2.3% which makes the economy more hopeful in the present statistics. The national government debt as a percentage of GDP rates in the Philippines is as high as $316.65 billion or 69.9% of GDP while United States only has $19billion or 0.16% of GDP. (wikipedia)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The level of technological development in the Philippines is not also as greater than in the United states. The Philippines is attracted to Japan made products and China influenced imitation of much lower quality technologies as compared to hight technological quality provided in the United States. This is one great disappointment regarding consumer decision making bf Filipinos who tends to buy more goods and commodities at a cheaper price but not of high quality. They tend to overlook the specifications of   a certain of product because of high costs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The level of infrastructural development in the Philippines is not really that far, because the country is taking its phase in cities where rises of buildings and commercial establishments are rampant. There are certain issues concerning how this infrastructures will be built because tax in the Philippines is really high thats why investors sometimes thinks twice of getting involved in dealing   businesses in the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The high cost of materials, manpower and cost of permit is sometimes unfair on the part of investor. It becomes a gamble investing on a place where you will think twice if it will really profit once its already made and set up there. While infrastructural developments in the United States can be considerably good because in cities like New York where it is known to as the city that never sleeps, one business establishment will really profit because people keeps on going and going all day and night long.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socioeconomic indicators that greatly affects the statistics of a certain country such as education, access to health care, clean water, etc. is also considered as one great factor in a progressive nation.   For a country like Philippines, educational system can be considered competitive enough because it produces competent and skilled professionals nowadays. As far as United States education is concern because of course reality speaks that American Student are really ahead in terms of quality of education. Going back to History, American are also known as Thomasites which brought up high standards of education in the Philippines. Brain Drain is one common problem in the Philippines, after years of studying where Filipinos receive of high quality education, they goes out of the country and work for a higher salary. The tendency is the economy of such country raises and the downfall of professional statistics in the Philippines is experienced. They prefer to use the knowledge they’ve learned from their own country as a stepping stone to more opportunities abroad. Health Problems and medical assistance is also a factor in a country’s economic growth for Filipinos who lives in a country with   more illness there is a bigger tendency not to perform well in school for students who are still studying and for employees who works hard int heir professions. The more persuasive you are working, the more tendency of being sick is. The sad part is that there are some instances that medical assistance is far at hand like in cases that we still need to ask help from other countries like the United States which is more medically advanced and this also results a deduction in our statistics because we need to pay for those medicines and medical experts from foreign countries. Abusing the environment is also one reason why people tends to suffer economically. Improper use of natural resources and pollution is one great threat on the Philippines Economic growth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At present, there are many Foreign investors who wants to take risk and be involved in having business with the Philippines and this also provides greater opportunity on the countries statistics because it paves way for a more chance of paying debts and increase employment rates to Filipinos.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Talking about change, we really don’t need to compete with any other countries, we can content our economic needs by providing what it needs and at the same time going about business in supporting services and exports that have brought in much needed foreign exchange and help raising our economic status at its best. Great rates and percentage economically comes from people who strives hard and decides best in doing businesses and witty decision making. References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Hookway, James. (2007). Wall Street Journal p. A1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     United States Department of Treasury 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.wikipedia.org

Modernism, Postmodernism

The youth culture of the 1960s represents the threshold between modernism and what, in most circles, passes for postmodernism. On the one hand, it is clearly an extension and reinvention of the historical avant-garde, and, on the other, it signals the increasing obsolescence of the (modernist) divide between elite and mass culture, between the artisanal and the mechanically reproduced.Reacting against the universalizing tendencies of high modernism (from abstract expressionism to the international style), and its dedication to seriousness, abstraction, and elegance, the new artists delighted in extending the range of art, in juxtaposing the exalted and the abject, the sacred and the profane, in being vernacular and relevant, and in rudely transgressing bourgeois norms.From the point of view of post-modern theory, the recent history of popular music can be seen to be marked by a trend towards the open and extensive mixing of styles and genres of music in very direct and self-conscious ways. Put very simply, the argument about the transition between modernism and postmodernism in pop music can be seen as the Beatles in the 1960s. The songs of the Beatles drew explicitly on diverse classical and popular forms and made a claim to what was for pop a new kind of musical and lyrical seriousness.Postmodernism first emerges out of a generational refusal of the categorical certainties of high modernism. The insistence on an absolute distinction between high and popular culture came to be regarded as the ‘unhip' assumption of an older generation. One sign of this collapse can be seen in the merging of art and pop music. For example, Peter Blake designed the cover of the Beatles' Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.Jameson (1991) distinguishes between modernist and post-modern pop music, making the argument that the Beatles and the Rolling Stones represent a modernist moment, against which punk rock and new wave can be seen as post-modern. In ‘Popular Mus ic and Postmodern Theory', Andrew Goodwin (1991) quite correctly argues that for various reasons this is a very difficult position to sustain. The Beatles and the Rolling Stones are as different from each other as together they are different from, say, the Clash and Talking Heads. In fact, ‘it would be much easier to make an argument in which the distinction is made between the â€Å"artifice† of the Beatles and Talking Heads and the â€Å"authenticity† of the Rolling Stones and the Clash' (55).Perhaps the best way to think of the relationship between pop music and postmodernism is historically. In most accounts, the moment of postmodernism begins in the late 1950s-the same period as the emergence of pop music. Therefore, in terms of periodization, pop music and postmodernism are more or less simultaneous. This does not necessarily mean that all pop music is post-modern. Using Raymond Williams's model of social formations always consisting of a hierarchy of cultu res-‘dominant', 'emergent' and ‘residual'-post-modern pop music can be seen as 'emergent' in the 1960s with the late Beatles, and the rock music of the counter-culture, as principal examples, and in the 1970s with ‘art school' punk, to become in the late 1980s the ‘cultural dominant' of pop music.It is also possible to see the consumption of pop music and the surrounding pop music culture as in itself post-modern. Instead of an approach concerned with identifying and analysing the post-modern text or practice, we might look instead for postmodernism in the emergence of particular patterns of consumption; people who actively seek out and celebrate pastiche. The notion of a particular group of consumers, people who consume with irony and take pleasure in the weird, is very suggestive.Flirtations with Eastern mysticism in the 1960s brought new influences; the success of the Beatles, and George Harrison’s fascination with the Indian sitar, increased exposu re to Indian music and to Ravi Shankar, probably the first distinct ‘world musician’, unquestionably promoting musical sounds and structures quite different from those in the West. Prior to the successes of Miriam Makeba, Ravi Shankar and Manu Dibango, the first African musician to have an international hit, and whose music helped usher in the disco era (Mitchell 1996), musicians with exceptional local and regional popularity were otherwise largely unknown in the West, because their music was unfamiliar and inaccessible, and the words incomprehensible (hence Western recording companies took little interest).The Beatles’ quest for mysticism, enlightenment and innovative sounds (which could be incorporated in Western musical structures, rather than being given a life of their own) was the forerunner of other Western performers’ similar searches for authenticity and difference. Paul Simon’s Graceland (1986) recorded English lyrics over tracks performed by black South African bands and the vocal group Ladysmith Black Mambazo.As many critics noted, rock may have been the most popular and influential art form during the late '60s, â€Å"the deepest means of communication and expression† that negotiated the incompatibility of the post-modern with the preindustrial by attempting to unite â€Å"a mass culture† with â€Å"a genuine folk culture.† In the mid-Sixties, electricity, poetry, sex, and rhythm mixed with another combustible element, drugs, to create psychedelia. Baby boomer parents worshipped doctors and high medicine and avidly ingested antidepressants and other medications to achieve altered states of mental and physical health.Likewise, baby boomers' drug experimentation aimed for transport to a new personal and world consciousness that would eliminate human barriers— class, race, ideology—dividing their parents' world. By 1965, a suite of drugs coursed through the rock community. Dylan and marijuana influenced the Beatles' Rubber Soul (1965), a folk rock record of soft edges and personal introspection. Attracting a male following, The Who, the Mod heroes, thrashed through early singles such as â€Å"Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere† and â€Å"My Generation† with amphetamine-fed punk fury.Acid rock borrowed sounds, scales, chords, and rhythms from around the world to distort space and time. The Beatles adapted Indian ragas and modal jazz to dislodge the rhythmic anchor and erase the four cardinal directions. In England, the Beatles were introduced to acid in 1965; they recorded Revolver a year later. Their variable tape speeds, tape loops, backward guitar and voice lines, and other experiments transformed basic rock and roll chords, beats, and voices into a tableau of acid-soaked sound, rhythm, and poetry. Especially disorienting was â€Å"Tomorrow Never Knows,† an early trance-rock number. Ringo Starr's bass drum figure, a human heartbeat, kicked time in reverse, while John Lennon's filtered vocals, chants inspired by the Tibetan Book of the Dead, seemed piped in from creation.In a key contribution, ‘Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism', Jameson overviews postmodernism as the cultural expression of a new phase of capitalism, characterized by communications technologies facilitating the virtually instantaneous shifting of international capital, the emergence of new centres of capital (e.g. Japan) in a global economy, new class formations breaking with the traditional labour v. capital division, and a consumer capitalism which markets style, images and tastes as much as actual products. The commoditization of culture has resulted in a new populism of the mass media, a culture centred around the marketing and consumption of surfaces and appearances, epitomised by the ubiquity of commercial television.Despite its obvious plausibility as a general explanation of developments in popular culture, postmodernism su ffers from a number of difficulties. To heavily generalise, these are: its frequent lack of specificity; its overpreoccupation with texts and audiences at the expense of locating these within the economic and productive context within which cultural products reside; its reduction of history and politics and its ignoral of ‘traditional' sociological notions of production, class and ideology.The postmodernist view of rock music regards it as exemplifying the collapse of traditional distinctions between art and the commercial, the aesthetic and the unaesthetic, and the authentic and unauthentic. This view is most prominent in discussions of music video, with its affinities to advertising (Kaplan 1987). Popular cultural texts of the Beatles are regarded as dynamic not static, mediated both by patterns of economic and social organisation and the relationship of individuals and social groups to these patterns. This puts politics in a position of central importance, as culture is vie wed as a site of conflict and struggle, of negotiations which constantly confirm and redefine the existing conditions of domination and subordination in society.Against the backdrop of these cultural studies signposts, the construction of meaning in rock can be seen as embracing a number of factors: the music industry and its associated technologies, those who create the music, the nature of rock texts, the constitution of rock audiences and their modes of consumption, and attempts to influence and regulate all of these. The role of the music industry, in its drive to commodify rock and maximise profits, is the starting point for understanding rock.In film or in rock a certain historical logic can be reintroduced by the hypothesis that such newer media recapitulate the evolutionary stages or breaks between realism, modernism and postmodernism, in a compressed time span, such that the Beatles and the Stones occupy the high modernist moment embodied by the ‘auteurs' of 1950s and 1960s art films.Although animation was used in the early days of filmmaking and became just another form of studio production, it underwent big changes in the late twentieth century. A major break in such style occurred with the Beatles' animated film, Yellow Submarine (1968). Not only was the colour startling – a psychedelic experience of sorts, as some commented – but the animation also used a mixture of media that inspired what was later called the â€Å"blendo† style in which cels, cut-outs, clay figures – and more recently – computer graphics are blended (Cohen 1998).The application of postmodernism to popular music is primarily based on two perceived trends: firstly, the increasing evidence of pastiche, intertextuality, and eclecticism; and, secondly, increased cultural fusion and the collapsing of high-low culture type distinctions in rock. However, rock history demontrates that the first trend frequently actually reaffirms the distinctions supposedly being broken down in the second trend. Post-modern music clearly contributed to the increasingly global nature of cultural and economic linkages, mapping out new networks of commodity flow and entrepreneurial activity.At least at a surface level, all countries’ popular musics were shaped by international influences and institutions, by multinational capital and technology, by global pop norms and values. Even the most nationalist sounds—carefully cultivated ‘folk’ song, angry local dialect punk, preserved (for the tourist) traditional dance—were determined by a critique of international entertainment. The rise of rock ‘n’ roll, the success of the Beatles, alongside transitions in other cultural forms, ensured some measure of ubiquity.ReferencesCentore, F. F. (1991). Being and Becoming: A Critique of Post-Modernism, Greenwood Press: New York.Goodwin, Andrew. (1991). â€Å"Popular Music and Postmodern Theory†, Cultural Studies, 5.Jameson, Fredric (1991). Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Kaplan, E.A. (1987). Rocking Around the Clock: Music Television, Postmodernism, and Consumer Culture, New York: Methuen.Mitchell, T. (1996). Popular Music and Local Identity, Leicester University Press, London and New York.